{"id":9138,"date":"2026-06-11T12:13:45","date_gmt":"2026-06-11T04:13:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.akademisains.gov.my\/asmsj\/?post_type=article&#038;p=9138"},"modified":"2026-06-11T12:13:45","modified_gmt":"2026-06-11T04:13:45","slug":"optimising-calcium-titanate-doping-in-bi-free-zno-varistor-ceramics-for-low-voltage-protection","status":"publish","type":"article","link":"https:\/\/www.akademisains.gov.my\/asmsj\/article\/optimising-calcium-titanate-doping-in-bi-free-zno-varistor-ceramics-for-low-voltage-protection\/","title":{"rendered":"Optimising Calcium Titanate Doping in Bi-Free ZnO Varistor Ceramics for Low-Voltage Protection"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><p>[vc_row][vc_column width=&#8221;4\/5&#8243; css=&#8221;.asmsj-main-column{padding-bottom:10px !important;}&#8221;][vc_row_inner equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; css=&#8221;.asmsj-inner-row{margin-bottom:10px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column_inner][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]\t\t\r\n\t\t<div class=\"mdocs\">\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"mdocs-wrap\"><\/div>\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"mdocs-container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<table class=\"table table-hover table-condensed\" id=\"mdocs-list-table\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<thead>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th class=\"mdocs-name\">Name<\/th>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th class=\"mdocs-downloads\">Downloads<\/th>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th class=\"mdocs-version\">Version<\/th>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th class=\"mdocs-author\">Owner<\/th>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th class=\"mdocs-modified\">Last Updated<\/th>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th class=\"mdocs-file-size\">File Size<\/th>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/thead>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<tr class=\"mdocs-normal\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"mdocs-name\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"mdocs-btn-group btn-group\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"mdocs-title-href\" href=\"https:\/\/www.akademisains.gov.my\/asmsj\/?sdm_process_download=1&#038;download_id=9136\" target=\"_blank\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.akademisains.gov.my\/asmsj\/wp-content\/plugins\/simple-download-monitor\/images\/pdf.png\" class=\"mdoc-file-type-icon\" alt=\"PDF\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOptimising Calcium Titanate Doping in Bi-Free ZnO Varistor Ceramics for Low-Voltage Protection\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"mdocs-downloads\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fas fa-cloud-download-alt\" aria-hidden=\"true\" title=\"Downloads\"><\/i>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<em style=\"color: #FF9140;\">24 <small>downloads<\/small><\/em>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"mdocs-version\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fa fa-history\" aria-hidden=\"true\" title=\"Version\"><\/i>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<em style=\"color: #0066FF;\">1.0<\/em>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"mdocs-author\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fa fa-user\" aria-hidden=\"true\" title=\"Owner\"><\/i>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<em style=\"color: #666;\">ikram<\/em>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"mdocs-modified\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fa fa-calendar\" aria-hidden=\"true\" title=\"Last Modified\"><\/i>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<em style=\"color: #990000;\">11-06-2026 11:36<\/em>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"mdocs-file-size\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fa fa-database\" aria-hidden=\"true\" title=\"File Size\"><\/i>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<em>1,011 KB<\/em>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tbody>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/table>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t<div class=\"vc_btn3-container vc_btn3-center vc_custom_1753429848041 vc_do_btn\">\r\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vc_general vc_btn3 vc_btn3-size-md vc_btn3-shape-square vc_btn3-style-flat vc_btn3-block vc_btn3-icon-left vc_btn3-color-grey\" \r\n\t\t\t   href=\"https:\/\/www.akademisains.gov.my\/asmsj\/?sdm_process_download=1&#038;download_id=9136\" target=\"_blank\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"vc_btn3-icon \"><\/i> Download PDF\r\n\t\t\t<\/a>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\r\n    <div class=\"asmsj-article-header\">\r\n        <p>ASM Sc. J., 21(1), 2026<\/p>\r\n\t\t<p>Published on June 11, 2026<\/p>\r\n                    <p><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32802\/asmscj.2026.0351\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32802\/asmscj.2026.0351<\/a><\/p>\r\n        \r\n                    <p><strong>Author: <\/strong>Abdul Muiz Aniq Aiman Mohd Suhaimi, Nursabrina Amirah Mohd Nasir, Wan Mohd Ikhmal Wan Mohamad Kamaruzzaman, Muhammad Syaizwadi Shaifudin, Norni Hidayawati Mat Daud, Mohd Sabri Mohd Ghazali<\/p>\r\n        \r\n                    <p><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify;\">This study systematically investigates the effects of calcium titanate (CTO) concentration on the microstructure and electrical properties of ZnO-based varistor ceramics to identify optimal Bi-free formulations for low-voltage protection applications. CTO, a perovskite oxide, was incorporated to address the volatility and environmental limitations of conventional Bi\u2082O\u2083-based varistors. Analyses of microstructural and crystallographic data reveal that low CTO concentrations promote grain growth, while higher amounts induce moderate grain refinement and increased micro-strain. Electrical characterisation demonstrates enhanced nonlinearity in all CTO-doped ZnO ceramics, with the maximum nonlinearity coefficient (\u03b1 = 3.850) and lowest leakage current density (425.11 \u03bcA\/cm\u00b2) observed at 1.0 mol% CTO. The study identifies an optimal CTO concentration window that yields a balanced combination of large grain size, high potential barrier height, and stable non-ohmic response. These findings confirm CTO as an effective, thermally stable substitute for Bi2O3 in tailoring grain boundary properties and electrical performance, laying the groundwork for environmentally friendly ZnO varistor development. Future research should further refine doping strategies to maximise nonlinear characteristics and device reliability.<\/p>\r\n        \r\n                    <p><strong>Keywords:<\/strong>\r\n                Bi-free ceramics, calcium titanate doping, grain boundary, nonlinear electrical properties, zinc oxide varistor            <\/p>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\t\r\n\t\r\n\t\r\n\t<div class=\"asmsj-citation-box\">\r\n        <h3>How to Cite<\/h3>\r\n        <p id=\"citation-text\">\r\n            2026. Optimising Calcium Titanate Doping in Bi-Free ZnO Varistor Ceramics for Low-Voltage Protection. <em>ASM Science Journal<\/em>, 21(1), 1-11. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32802\/asmscj.2026.0351\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32802\/asmscj.2026.0351<\/a>        <\/p>\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"asmsj-actions\">\r\n            <select id=\"citation-format\">\r\n                <option value=\"apa\">APA<\/option>\r\n                <option value=\"mla\">MLA<\/option>\r\n                <option value=\"chicago\">Chicago<\/option>\r\n                <option value=\"harvard\">Harvard<\/option>\r\n                <option value=\"ieee\">IEEE<\/option>\r\n                <option value=\"vancouver\">Vancouver<\/option>\r\n            <\/select>\r\n\r\n            <button id=\"copy-citation\">Copy<\/button>\r\n            <div id=\"loading-spinner\" class=\"hidden\"><\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <script>\r\n    jQuery(document).ready(function($) {\r\n        $('#citation-format').change(function() {\r\n            var format = $(this).val();\r\n            var postID = 9138;\r\n            \r\n            $('#loading-spinner').show(); \/\/ Show loading animation\r\n\r\n            $.post(asmsj_ajax.ajaxurl, {\r\n                action: 'generate_citation',\r\n                format: format,\r\n                post_id: postID\r\n            }, function(response) {\r\n                $('#citation-text').html(response);\r\n                $('#loading-spinner').hide(); \/\/ Hide loading animation\r\n            });\r\n        });\r\n\r\n        $('#copy-citation').click(function() {\r\n            var citation = $('#citation-text').text();\r\n            navigator.clipboard.writeText(citation).then(function() {\r\n                alert(\"Citation copied to clipboard!\");\r\n            });\r\n        });\r\n    });\r\n    <\/script>\r\n    [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/5&#8243;][vc_widget_sidebar sidebar_id=&#8221;sidebar-blog&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Abdul Muiz Aniq Aiman Mohd Suhaimi, Nursabrina Amirah Mohd Nasir, Wan Mohd Ikhmal Wan Mohamad Kamaruzzaman, Muhammad Syaizwadi Shaifudin, Norni Hidayawati Mat Daud, Mohd Sabri Mohd Ghazali<br \/><a>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32802\/asmscj.2026.0351<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":827,"featured_media":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[73],"tags":[4066,4063,4064,4065,4062],"issuem_issue":[3982],"class_list":["post-9138","article","type-article","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-research-articles","tag-bi-free-ceramics","tag-calcium-titanate-doping","tag-grain-boundary","tag-nonlinear-electrical-properties","tag-zinc-oxide-varistor","issuem_issue-asm-sc-j-vol-21-no-1-2026"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.akademisains.gov.my\/asmsj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article\/9138","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.akademisains.gov.my\/asmsj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.akademisains.gov.my\/asmsj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/article"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.akademisains.gov.my\/asmsj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/827"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.akademisains.gov.my\/asmsj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9138"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.akademisains.gov.my\/asmsj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article\/9138\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9140,"href":"https:\/\/www.akademisains.gov.my\/asmsj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article\/9138\/revisions\/9140"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.akademisains.gov.my\/asmsj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9138"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.akademisains.gov.my\/asmsj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9138"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.akademisains.gov.my\/asmsj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9138"},{"taxonomy":"issuem_issue","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.akademisains.gov.my\/asmsj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/issuem_issue?post=9138"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}