Biocompatibility and Skin Performance of Fe/Mn-Doped Hydroxyapatite Derived from Meretrix lyrata Shell in Emulsion-Based Cosmeceutical Formulations

ASM Sc. J., 2(21), 2026

Published on August 3, 2026

https://doi.org/10.32802/asmscj.2026.0020

Author: Mohamad Safuan Azhar, Mohd Zul Helmi Rozaini, Muhammad Syakirin Zulhadi, Aslam Bahrin, Hidayatul Aini Zakari

Abstract

Skincare represents a comprehensive methodology for preserving dermal health, given that the integument functions as a critical shield against various environmental hazards. Skincare prevents issues like cancer and promotes youthful skin through hydration and wrinkle reduction. Sunscreens contain various components designed to manage UV radiation. This research investigates alternative compounds and physical barriers that suitable for formulating a sunscreen formulation. The synthesised hydroxyapatite (Meretrix lyrata, bivalve shells originated) combined with iron (II) oxide and manganese oxide in formulations were characterised to determine their toxicity, pH value and skin assessments. All samples show optimal pH value, non-toxic and great skin assessment studies, meanwhile, the Fe-doped HAp emulsion exhibiting the most favourable hydration, minor reduction in the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) values, superior elasticity and higher rate of melanin degradation showed characteristics compare to other samples. These results support the commercial feasibility of these formulations in the cosmetic sector that should be further confirmed in specific future research such as in vivo UV protection testing.

Keywords: hydroxyapatite (HAp), Meretrix lyrata, skin assessment, Ultraviolet (UV) filters